Theories Summary:
The Evolutionary
Theory of Sex
Dioecism
involves two fundamental phenomena: mating and sex
differentiation. Classical genetics considers only the
results of mating; therefore the phenomena related to the
differentiation itself cannot be explained.
According to the new theory, division into two sexes is an
advantageous form of informational contact with the
environment, a specialization by two main aspects of
evolution — conservation and change. Female
sex is the conservative stable element. It transmits
existing pattern of population genotypes to the next
generation.
Male sex is the flexible element, susceptible to the
environment. Under changing environmental conditions males
undergo greater elimination. The results of the selection
are transmitted along the males’ line for many generations.
Therefore any trait evolves earlier in males than in
females. This delay in time results in two forms of a
trait—male and female (sexual dimorphism). The direction of
evolution is from female to male norm of a trait. After many
generations useful features are passed to females allowing
them to avoid the axe of natural selection.
More…
The
Role of Sex
Chromosomes in Evolution
Division into two sexes allows testing of evolutionary
innovations in the male genome before they are transmitted
to the female genome. Such testing becomes possible when the
evolution of the male sex precedes the evolution of the
female sex. This implies the existence of “male” genes,
which are already present in the male genome, but are not
yet in the female genome. Accordingly, “female” genes should
also exist. They still remain in females, but have already
been lost by the male genome.
The new concept implies the dynamic behavior of genes in the
genome, according to which the Y-chromosome represents a
“gateway” for new information coming to the genome; i.e.,
place of “birth” and testing of new genes. Y-chromosome is
responsible for initiation, acceleration, and regulation of
sexual dimorphism.
The X-chromosome is the “transport” chromosome that
transfers new genes from the Y-chromosome into autosomes. It
serves as a stabilizer, relaxer, and liquidator of sexual
dimorphism. It also serves as a repository of the outgoing
genes that await elimination. The concept provides new
interpretation of the appearance, localization, and movement
of genes along chromosomes and between them. It explains the
phenomena of chromosomal inactivation, mobile genes,
association of Y-chromosome with stress, retroviruses, etc.
More…
Evolutionary
Theories of Asymmetrization of
Organisms, Brain and
Body
The lateral asymmetry as well as sex differentiation is
considered as a consequence of asynchronous evolution. The
operative subsystems, i.e. the male and the left hemisphere
of the brain evolve earlier than the conservative
ones, i.e. the female and the right hemisphere. New
functions appear at first in males and after many
generations they are transferred to females. The leading
centers of their control are at first originated in the left
hemisphere, then they are translocated to the right one. The
criterion for functions localization in the hemisphere is
their evolutionary age: new functions are controlled by the
left hemisphere, old functions by the right one. Therefore
the right hemisphere is biological, while the left one is
socio-cultural and ethnic. The theory explains from a single
standpoint the phenomena of handedness, nervous crossover,
as well as many known facts, and predicts the new ones.
More…
The Principle of
Asynchronous Evolution
The conservation and variation are the main
features of the system evolution. For unitary systems
(asexual, symmetric) they are alternative. The more the
one—the less should be the other. The division of the system
into two related subsystems specialized on conservative and
operative aspects of evolution allows improving both of them
at the same time. This solution contributes to the general
stability of the system. The evolution occurs asynchronously
in such a way that the operative subsystem changes first and
the conservative one follows later. Useful traits are
verified and selected in the operative subsystem and only
after some time gets transferred into conservative one. More…
|